DINAMIKA LAPISAN STRATOSFER DI BELAHAN BUMI UTARA DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP WILAYAH TROPIS: STUDI KASUS MUSIM DINGIN 2012-2013 (STRATOSPHERIC DYNAMICS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND ITS IMPACT TO THE TROPICS: A CASE STUDY OF 2012-2013 WINTER)

nFN Noersomadi

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the dynamic of static stability (N2), potential energy of gravity waves (Ep), and vortex in the stratospheric northern hemisphere during 2012-2013 winter using temperature (T) and zonal wind (u) data from NCEP-DOE Reanalysis II. The results showed two occurrences of decreasing N2 ascociated with reversal of u in the first and third week of December 2012 were believed as a trigger of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSW) on January 7, 2013. There was a flow from the polar to the tropics region during the SSW event. It caused the tropopause folding in the sub-tropic region indicated by the distribution of Ep on January 24, 2013. This tropopause folding triggered the convective activity over the Indonesian continents as shown by the negative OLR anomaly from 22 to 26 January 2013. The impact of SSW event in the northern hemisphere to the convective activity was 20%. This results showed the interaction between stratosphere and troposphere and also the teleconnection between the polar and the tropics.  

 

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan menyelidiki dinamika stabilitas statis (N2), energi potensial gelombang gravitas (Ep), dan pusaran angin di lapisan stratosfer Belahan Bumi Utara (BBU) selama musim dingin 2012-2013 menggunakan data temperatur (T) dan komponen angin zonal (u) dari NCEP-DOE Reanalysis II. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa dua kejadian penurunan N2 pada pekan awal dan ketiga bulan Desember 2012 diyakini sebagai pemicu kejadian Sudden Stratosphere Warmings (SSW) tanggal 7 Januari 2013. Pada saat terjadi SSW terdapat aliran dari kutub menuju tropis. Aliran ini mengakibatkan terjadinya pelipatan lapisan tropopause di wilayah sub-tropis yang terlihat pada distribusi Ep tanggal 24 Januari 2013. Pelipatan lapisan tropopause ini kemudian memicu aktivitas konvektif di atas wilayah Indonesia yang ditandai oleh anomali OLR negatif antara tanggal 22-26 Januari 2013. Dampak kejadian SSW di BBU terhadap aktivitas konvektif di atas wilayah kepulauan Indonesia sebesar 20%. Hasil ini membuktikan interaksi antara lapisan stratosfer dan troposfer serta telekoneksi wilayah kutub dan tropis.

Keywords

SSW; static stability; potential energy of gravity waves; vortex and stratospheric dynamics; stabilitas statis; energi potensial gelombang gravitas; pusaran angin; dinamka stratosfer

Full Text:

PDF

References

Albers, J. R., dan T., Birner, 2014. Vortex Preconditioning due to Planetary and Gravity Waves prior to Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4028–4054, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0026.1.

Alexander, M.J., M., Geller, C., Mc-Landress, S., Polavarapu, P., Preusse, F., Sassi, K., Sato, S., Eckermann, M., Ern, A., Hertzog, Y., Kawatani, M., Pulido, T., Shaw, M., Sigmond, R., Vincent, S., Watanabe, 2010. Recent Developments in Gravity-Wave Effects in Climate Models and the Global Distribution of Gravity-Wave Momentum Flux From Observations and Models, Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc., 136, 1103–1124, doi:10.1002/qj.637.

Alexander, S.P., A.R., Klekociuk, dan T., Tsuda, 2009. Gravity Wave and Orographic Wave Activity Observed Around the Antarctic and Arctic Stratospheric Vortices by the COSMIC GPS-RO Satellite Constellation. J. Geophys. Res. 114, doi: 10.1029/2009JD011851.

Alexander, S.P., T., Tsuda, dan Y., Kawatani, 2008. COSMIC GPSRO Observations of Northern Hemisphere Winter Stratospheric Gravity Waves and Comparisons with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10808, doi:10.1029/2008GL033174.

Andrews, D. G., J. R., Holton, dan C. B., Leovy, 1987. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, 489.

Attard, H. E., R.-B., Rosimar, T. G., Corey, dan L. L., Andrea, 2016. Tropospheric and Stratospheric Precursors to the January 2013 Sudden Stratospheric Warming. Mon. Weather Rev.,1321-1339.

Austin, J., dan T. J. Reichler, 2008. Long-Term Evolution of the Cold Point Tropical Tropopause: Simulation Results and Attribution Analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00B10, doi: 10.1029/2007JD 009768.

Birner, T., dan P. D., Williams, 2008. Sudden Stratospheric Warmings as Noise-Induced Transitions. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3337–3343, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2 770.1.

Butler, A. H., D. J., Seidel, S. C., Hardiman, N., Butchart, T. Birner, dan A. Match, 2015. Defining Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96, 1913–1928, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00173.1.

Charlton, A. J., dan L. M., Polvani, 2007. A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warnings. Part I: Climatology and Modeling Benchmarks. J. Climate, 20, 449–469, doi:10.1175/JCLI3996.1.

Coy, L., dan S., Pawson, 2015. The Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming of January 2013: Analyses and Forecasts in the GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 491–510, doi: 10. 1175/MWR-D-14-00023.1.

Ern, M., F., Ploeger, P., Preusse, J. C., Gille, L. J., Gray, S., Kalisch, M. G., Mlynczak,

J. M., Russell III, dan M., Riese, 2014. Interaction of Gravity Waves with The QBO: a Satellite Perspective, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 2329–2355, doi: 10. 1002/2013JD020731.

Fritts, D. C., dan Alexander, M. J., 2003. Gravity Wave Dynamics and Effects in the Middle Atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1003, doi:10.1029/2001RG000106.

Fritts, D. C., dan P. K., Rastogi, 1985. Convective and Dynamical Instabilities due to Gravity Wave Motions in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere: Theory and Observations, Radio Sci., 20, 1247–1277.

Fueglistaler, S., A. E., Dessler, T. J., Dunkerton, I., Folkins, Q., Fu, dan P. W., Mote, 2009. Tropical Tropopause Layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/ 2008RG000267.

Garfinkel, C. I., S. B., Feldstein, D. W., Waugh, dan C., Yoo, S., Lee, 2012. Observed Connection between Stratospheric Sudden Warmings and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L18807, doi:10.1029/2012GL05 3144.

Gettelman, A., P., Hoor, L., Pan, W. J., Randel, M. I., Hegglin, dan T., Birner, 2011. The Extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG3003, doi:10.1029/2011RG000355.

Griise, K. M., D. W. J., Thompson, dan T., Birner, 2010. A Global Survey of Static Stability in the Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere, J. Clim., 23, 2275–2292.

Hei, H., T., Tsuda, dan T., Hirooka, 2008. Characteristics of Atmospheric

Gravity Wave Activity in the Polar Regions Revealed by GPS Radio Occultation Data with CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D04107, doi:10.1029/2007JD008938.

Holton, J.R., 2004. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Elsevier Academic Press.

Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S-K Yang, J.J., Hnilo, M. Fiorino, dan G. L., Potter, 2002. NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 1631-1643.

Kiladis, G.N., J., Dias, K.H., Straub, M.C., Wheeler, S.N., Tulich, K., Kikuchi, K.M., Weickmann, M.J., Ventrice, 2014. A Comparison of OLR and Circulation Based Indices for Tracking the MJO. Monthly Weather Review, 142 1697-1715.

Kodera, K., 2006. Influence of Stratospheric Sudden Warming on the Equatorial Troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06804, doi:10.1029/2005GL024510.

Lindzen, R.S., dan J.R., Holton, 1968. A Theory of the Quashi-Biennial Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1095-1107.

Liu, C., B., Tian, K.-F., Li, G. L., Manney, N. J., Livesey, Y. L., Yung, dan D. E., Waliser, 2014. Northern Hemisphere Mid-Winter Vortex-Displacement and Vortex-Split Stratospheric Sudden Warmings: Influence of The Madden–Julian Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 12 599–12 620, doi: 10.1002/2014JD021876.

Manney, G.L., Z. D., Lawrence, M. L., Santee, W., G., Read, N. J., Livesey, A., Lambert, L., Froidevaux, H. C., Pumphrey, and M.J., Schwarrtz, 2015. A Minor Sudden Stratospheric Warming With a Major Impact: Transport And Polar Processing In The 2014/2015 Arctic Winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7808–7816, doi: 10.1002/ 2015GL065864.

Martineau, P., dan S.-W., Son, 2013. Planetary-Scale Wave Activity as a Source of Varying Tropospheric Response to Stratospheric Sudden Warming Events: a Case Study. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 10994–11006, doi:10.1002/jgrd. 50871.

McInturff, R. M., 1978. Stratospheric Warmings: Synoptic, Dynamic and General-Circulation Aspects. Tech. Rep. NASA-RP-1017, NASA, Washington, DC, 166.

O’Neill, A., 2003. Middle Atmosphere: Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. R. Holton, J. A. Curry, and J. A. Pyle, Eds., Academic, 1342–1353.

Randell, W.J., dan F. Wu, 2015. Variability of Zonal Mean Temperatures Derived from a Decade of GPS Radio Occultation Data. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 1261-1275, doi: 10.1175/ JAS-D-14-0216.1.

Reichler, T., M., Dameris, dan R., Sausen, 2003. Determining the Tropopause Height from Gridded Data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(20), 2042, doi:10.1029/2003GL0 18240.

Smith, S. A., D. C., Fritts, dan T. E., VanZandt, 1987. Evidence for a Saturated Spectrum of Atmospheric Gravity Waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1404–1410.

Tsuda, T., 2014. Characteristics of Atmospheric Gravity Waves Observed using The MU (Middle and Upper Atmosphere) Radar and Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation. Review. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 90, 12-27.

Tsuda, T., K., Hocke, 2002. Vertical Wave Number Spectrum of Temperature Fluctuations in the Stratosphere using GPS Occultation Data, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 80, 925–938.

Tsuda, T., M., Nishida, C., Rocken, and R. H., Ware, 2000. A Global Morphology of Gravity Wave activity in the Stratosphere Revealed by the GPS Occultation Data GPS/MET, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D6), 7257–7273.

Tsuda, T., T. E., VanZandt, M., Mizumoto, S., Kato, dan S., Fukao, 1991. Spectral Analysis of Temperature and Brunt-Vaisala Frequency Fluctuations Observed by Radiosondes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17265–17278.

VanZandt, T. E., 1982. A Universal Spectrum of Buoyancy Waves in the Atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 575–578.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.jsd.2017.v15.a2638

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.